1:3–2:16 constitute a single division), many aspects of the structure are obscure and debated, and readers will find an abundance of proposals in the scholarly literature. For example, O’Connell (1996) argues that, following the pattern of seven nations plus Israel in 1:3–2:16, Amos uses an “N +1” pattern throughout (where “N” is some stereotypical number such as 3 or 7, and the additional item is some element of surprise, such as adding Israel to the list of condemned nations). O’Connell does not,